ادلۀ اشتراک معنوی وجود؛ برهان یا مصادره به مطلوب؟.

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری فلسفۀ اسلامی، گرایش حکمت متعالیه دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران

2 دانشیار گروه فلسفه، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه خوارزمی تهران

10.22061/orj.2025.2266

چکیده

مسئلۀ اشتراک معنوی یا اشتراک لفظی وجود در بسیاری از آثار فلسفی و کلامی آمده است. برخی به اشتراک معنوی وجود باور داشته و سایر مسائل الهیاتی را بر آن استوار نموده‌اند. طرف‌داران نظریۀ اشتراک معنوی وجود برای اثبات مدعای خود در برابر قائلان به اشتراک لفظی، دلایلی اقامه کرده‌اند که جملگی مخدوش و نامعتبر به نظر می‌رسند. عناوین آن دلایل عبارت است از، ثابت ماندن علم به وجود چیزی با شک در خصوصیات آن؛ اولی التصور بودن وجود؛ مشترک معنوی بودن عدم که نقیض وجود است؛ صحت تقسیم وجود؛ نفی اشتراک معنوی مستلزم قبول آن است؛ تقسیم وجود به واجب و ممکن، موجب امتیاز آن دو است؛ تعمیم خصوصیت وجود رابط بر وجود مستقل؛ معنای واحد قافیه در اشعار. با بررسی و تحلیل درست این دلایل روشن می‌شود که تمام آنها مخدوش و اغلب آنها مبتلا به مغالطه مصادره به مطلوب‌اند. بااین‌وصف، هیچ یک از دلایل مذکور توان اثبات آن مدعا را ندارند. البته روشن است که نفی ادله، مستلزم نفی مدعا نیست. مدعای اشتراک معنوی وجود، همان‌طور که برخی از بزرگان حکمت گفته‌اند، به‌خودی‌خود بدیهی یا نزدیک به بدیهی است و صدق آن مسلّم است. در این مقاله فقط سخن بر سر دلایل اثبات آن است، نه درستی یا نادرستی اصل ادعا.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Evidences of the Shared Spiritual Unity of Being: A Reason or Circular Reasoning

نویسندگان [English]

  • Reza Eskandari 1
  • Mohammad Javad Rezaeirah 2
1 Doctoral student of Islamic philosophy, majoring in transcendental wisdom, Khwarazmi University, Tehran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Kharazmi University, Tehran
چکیده [English]

Abstract:
The debate of whether existence, or being, (wujud) is a synonymous term (ishtirak ma’nawi) or homonymous term (ishtirak lafzi) appears in numerous philosophical and theological works. Some believed in its homonymous term and established other theological issues on such basis. The followers of the synonymous term for existence provided reasons as proof for their belief which appear to be distorted and invalid. The title of the reasons are، the consistency of knowledge or comprehension (‘ilm) of a thing despite having doubt towards its properties (khususiat), the first imaged thing as being (wujud), non - existence (‘adam)—the opposite of being—  as a synonymous term, the accuracy (sihat) of the categorization of being, the denial of synonymous term requires its acceptance, the division of being to necessity and contingency , which necessitates difference between the two, generalization of the properties of a relational or  copulative existence (wujud rabit) and independent existence (wujud mustaqil), a singular meaning in the rhyme of poetic verse. With a precise reading and analysis, it is clear that all provided reasoning contain the fallacy of ‘Begging the Question’. With that said, none of the mentioned reasons have the ability to be used towards its claim. Although it should be noted that a negation of the reason does not require the negation of its claim. As many acclaimed scholars have said, the assertion towards the synonymous term of being, in and of itself is self - evident (badihi) or close to it, and its verity is certain. In this article, we will only be discussing reasons in proof of this claim, and not in relation to its integrity or inaccuracy of the primary claim.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • : Synonymous Term
  • Homonymous Term
  • Fallacy
  • Begging the Question
  • Fakh Razi

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