تبعات علیت بر مبنای سه سیر فلسفی ملاصدرا

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دانشیار گروه فلسفه و کلام اسلامی دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران

10.22061/orj.2024.2061

چکیده

به دلالت قراین بسیار، ملاصدرا سه مرتبه سیر فلسفی اصالت ماهیت، اصالت وجود وحدت تشکیکی و اصالت وجود وحدت شخصی را تجربه کرده است؛ حال مساله­ اصلی این است که مباحثِ مرتبط با علیت از این تحول، چگونه تاثیر پذیرفته­اند؟ ما در این مقاله با روش استدلالی، تحلیلی و استنادی نشان می­دهیم در مبحث مربوط به تقدم و تاخر، انحای تقدم و تاخری که بر رابطه­ علی و معلولی متکی است، به دلیلِ تفاوتِ تفسیرهای مختلف از علیت بر مبنای سه سیر، دچار تحول شده­اند؛ تقدم و تاخر بالماهیه، متناسب با سیر اول، تقدم و تاخر بالحقیقه و المجاز متناسب با سیر دوم و تقدمِ بالحق متناسب با سیر سوم است. در مبحثِ مربوط به نسبت عدم با مباحث فلسفه، بر مبنای نگاه ماهوی مباحث عدم به فلسفه راه می­یابد در حالی که متناسب با سیر دوم مباحث مربوط به عدم از فلسفه رخت بر می­بندد و متناسب با سیر سوم مبحث وجود و عدم با ظهور و خفا جایگزین می­شود. در مبحثِ تقسیمات علت و معلول، بر مبنای سیر اول و نگاه حقیقتا ماهوی تقسیم چون متکی بر اصالت وجود، اشتراک معنوی و اصلِ تشکیک است نمی­تواند طرح شود؛ بر مبنای سیر دوم «اقسام»، مراتبِ یک حقیقتِ واحد هستند؛ و بر مبنای سیر سوم «اقسام» مظاهر یک حقیقتِ واحد می­باشند؛ بنابراین تقسیمات علت و معلول بر مبنای سه سیر احکامِ متفاوتی به خود می­گیرند. در مبحثِ «نفسیات ثلاث» نیز بر مبنای سیر اول، سه نحو وجود واجبی (فی­نفسه­ لنفسه­ بنفسه)، جوهری (فی­نفسه لنفسه بغیره) و عرضی (فی­نفسه لغیره بغیره) تحقق دارد؛ اما بر مبنای دیدگاه نهایی صدرایی وجود تنها منحصر در قسمِ اول است و مابقی وجودات فی­غیره و عین­الربط به این وجود واحد هستند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Following Issues of Causality according to the Three Philosophical Journeys of Mulla Sadra

نویسنده [English]

  • Ali Babaei
Babaei, Ali. Associate professor of Islamic philosophy and theology, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
چکیده [English]

According to many evidences, Mulla Sadra has experienced three philosophical journeys of the originality of nature, the originality of the existence of gradational oneness, and the originality of the existence of personal oneness. Now, the main question is whether the following issues of causality are also affected by these three journeys or not? In this article, we have analyzed some important issues related to the issue of causality with analytical, citation and rational methods to determine how the event evolutions and to find out its connection with the three mentioned journeys of Mulla Sadra. In the issue related to precession and recency, the aspect of precession and recency which is based on causal and effectual relationship, have been transformed due to the difference of different interpretations of causation based on three journeys. The precession and recency of bẽl-māhiyyā (= in nature) is proportional to the first journey, the precession and recency of bẽl-ḣaqqiqậ (= in reality) is proportional to the second journey, and the precession and recency of bẽl-ḣaqq (= in veritable) is proportional to the third journey. In the issues related to the relationship of negation with the issues of philosophy, according to the first journey, the issues of negation are related to philosophy, while according to the second journey, the issues related to negation are left out of philosophy, and according to the third journey, these issues are replaced by arcane and manifestation. In the issue of divisions of cause and effect, according to the first journey, the division based on the originality of existence, sharing in spiritual, and the principle of gradation cannot be proposed. According to the second journey, the divisions of cause and effect are stages of a single truth, and according to the third journey, they are manifestations of a single truth; therefore, the divisions of cause and effect according to the three journeys have different characteristics. In the issue of the souls of the three models according to the three journeys, there are three types of existential, substantial, and accidental, but according to the final point of view of Mulla Sadra, existence is only unique in the first type and the rest of the existences are completely dependent on this Existence (= Allāh Taālā).

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Three Journeys
  • The Originality of Nature
  • The Originality of the Existence of Gradational Oneness
  • The Originality of the Existence of Personal Oneness
  • Causality

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